紹介
A companion to the title Corrosion Chemistry , this volume covers both the theoretical aspects of cathodic protection and the practical applications of the technology, including the most cutting-edge processes and theories. Engineers and scientists across a wide range of disciplines and industries will find this the most up-to-date, comprehensive treatment of cathodic protection available. A superb reference and refresher on the chemistry and uses of the technology for engineers in the field, the book also provides a tremendous introduction to the science for newcomers to the field.
目次
Acknowledgements xv Preface xvii 1 Corrosion of Materials 1 1.1 Deterioration or Corrosion of Ceramic Materials 2 1.2 Degradation or Deterioration of Polymers 3 1.3 Corrosion or Deterioration of Metals 3 2 Factors Influencing Corrosion 19 2.1 Nature of the Metal 19 2.2 Nature of the Corroding Environment 22 3 Corrosion Mechanisms 25 3.1 Direct Chemical Attack or Chemical or Dry Corrosion 25 3.2 Electrochemical or Aqueous or Wet Corrosion 29 3.3 Differences between Chemical and Electrochemical Corrosion 32 4 Corrosion Types 35 4.1 Uniform Corrosion 35 4.2 Non-Uniform Corrosion 46 5 Thermodynamics of Corrosion 75 5.1 Gibbs Free Energy (DELTAG) 76 5.2 Passivity 78 5.3 Pourbaix Diagrams 80 5.4 Corrosion Equilibrium and Adsorptions 82 5.5 Concentration Corrosion Cells 85 5.6 Polarization 87 5.7 Polarization Curves 90 6 Corrosion Prevention and Protection 97 6.1 Proper Design 98 6.2 Choice of Material 101 6.2.8 Interference Effects 104 6.3 Protective Coatings 105 6.4 Changing the Environmental Factors that Accelerate Corrosion 114 6.5 Changing the Electrochemical Characteristic of the Metal Surface 123 7 Cost of Corrosion 127 7.1 Corrosion Preventative Measures 128 7.2 Lost Production Due to Plants Going out of Service or Shutdowns 128 7.3 Product Loss Due to Leakages 128 7.4 Contamination of the Product 129 7.5 Maintenance Costs 129 7.6 Overprotective Measures 129 8 Cathodic Protection 131 8.1 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Systems 132 8.2 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems 134 8.3 Cathodic Protection Current Need 136 8.4 Effect of Coatings on Cathodic Protection 138 8.5 Effect of Passivation on Cathodic Protection 138 8.6 Automated Cathodic Protection Systems 139 8.7 Cathodic Protection Criteria 139 8.8 Reliability of Cathodic Protection Criteria 141 8.9 Interference Effects of Cathodic Protection Systems 142 8.10. Criteria for Cathodic Protection Projects 150 8.11. Cost of Cathodic Protection 151 8.12. Comparison of Cathodic Protection Systems 153 9 Sacrificial Anode or Galvanic Cathodic Protection Systems 157 9.1 Anodic Potentials and Anodic Polarization 158 9.2 Galvanic Cathodic Protection Current Need 159 9.3 Anodic Current Capacity and Anodic Current Efficiency 160 9.4 Service Life of an Anode 160 9.5 Minimum Number of Galvanic Anodes 161 9.6 Commonly Used Galvanic Anodes 161 9.7 Performance Measurements of Galvanic Anodes 169 9.8 Galvanic Anodic Beds 171 9.8.1 Anodic Bed Filling Materials 172 9.8.2 Anodic Bed Resistance 173 9.9 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Projects 175 9.10 Maintenance of Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Systems 176 10 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems 179 10.1 T/R Units 180 10.2 Types of Anodes 184 10.3 Anodic Bed Resistance 188 10.4 Types of Anodic Beds 190 10.5 Cable Cross-Sections 193 10.6 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Projects 194 10.7 Maintenance of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems 197 11 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Concrete Structures 201 11.1 Concrete's Chemical Composition 202 11.2 Corrosion Reactions of Concrete 204 11.3 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate in Reinforced Concrete Structures 205 11.4 Corrosion Measurements in Reinforced Concrete Structures 216 11.5 Corrosion Prevention of Reinforced Concrete 219 12 Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Steels 223 12.1 Current Needed for Cathodic Protection of Steel Structures 225 12.2 Cathodic Protection Criteria 226 12.3 Determination of Protection Potential 227 12.4 Cathodic Protection Methods for Reinforced Concrete Steels 227 12.5 Cathodic Protection of Pre-stressed Steel Concrete Pipes 229 13 Corrosion in Petroleum Industry 231 13.1 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) and Chlorides 233 13.2 Hydrogen (H2) Gas 235 13.3 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and Other Sulfur Compounds 236 13.4 Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) 237 13.5 Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) 238 13.6 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 238 13.7 Dissolved Oxygen (O2) and Water (H2O) 239 13.8 Organic Acids 242 13.9 Nitrogen (N2) Compounds and Ammonia (NH3) 242 13.10 Phenols 243 13.11 Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) 243 13.12 Caustic Soda (NaOH) 244 13.13 Mercury (Hg) 245 13.14 Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3) 245 13.15 Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) 245 14 Corrosion in Pipeline Systems 247 14.1 Pipes Made of Iron and Its Alloys 248 14.2 Petroleum or Crude Oil Pipeline Systems 250 14.3 Water Pipeline Systems 252 15 Cathodic Protection of Pipeline Systems 255 15.1 Measurement of Terrain's Resistivity 256 15.2 Potential Measurements 257 15.3 Determination of Coating Failures Based on Potential Measurements 259 15.4 Measuring Potential along the Pipeline 260 15.5 Maintenance of Pipeline Cathodic Protection Systems 261 15.6 Measurement Stations 262 15.7 Static Electricity and Its Prevention 265 15.8 Cathodic Protection of Airport Fuel Distribution Lines 266 15.9 Cathodic Protection of Water Pipelines 267 16 Corrosion and Cathodic Protection of Crude Oil or Petroleum Storage Tanks 269 16.1 Cathodic Protection of Inner Surfaces of Crude Oil Storage Tanks 270 17 Corrosion and Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in Seawater 279 17.1 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate of Metallic Structures in Seawater 280 17.2 Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in the Sea 284 17.3 Cathodic Protection of Ships 285 17.4 Cathodic Protection of Pier Poles with Galvanic Anodes 292 18 Cathodic Protection of the Potable Water Tanks 295 19 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Boilers 297 19.1 Corrosion in Boilers 298 19.2 Corrosion Prevention in Boilers 301 20 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Geothermal Systems 305 20.1 Corrosion in Geothermal Systems 305 20.2 Corrosion Prevention in Geothermal Systems 306 References 309
