目次
I. Introduction.- 1. Basic Membrane Structure and Electrical Properties.- A. Some Simple Concepts About Membrane Structure.- B. The General Nature of Membrane Electrical Properties.- 2. Passive Electrical Properties of Axons.- A . Non-Myelinated Fibres.- B. Myelinated Fibres.- 3. Overview of the Gross Properties of Excitable Cells.- A. The Membrane Theory of Excitation and Propagation.- B. Strength-Duration Relation, Accomodation.- C. Refractory States and Firing Frequency.- D. Axonal Characteristics and Action Potential Propagation.- 4. The Hodgkin-Huxley Axon.- A. Voltage Clamping.- B. Ionic Current Flow as Revealed by the Voltage Clamp.- C. Empirical Formulae for the Conductances.- D. Reconstruction of the Action Potential.- 5. Current Levels of Knowledge About the Early and Late Current Flow Pathways.- A. The Action of Tetrodotoxin (TTX).- B. The Action of Tetraethylammonium Ion (TEA).- C. Ionic Strength Effects on the Kinetic Parameters of Excitation.- D. The Effect of Calcium on the Membrane.- E. The Effects of pH Changes.- F. Cation Selective Properties of the Membrane at Rest and During Excitation.- G. Kinetic Behaviour in the K Channel.- H. High Potassium Effects on the K Channel Current-Voltage Curve.- I. The Nature of the Leakage Pathway.- II. Classical Electrodiffusion Theories of Membrane Electrical Properties.- 6. Conservation and Field Equations.- 7. The Steady State Problem: Approximate Solutions.- A . Constant Field Approximation.- B. The Microscopic Electroneutrality Approximation.- 8. Active Transport and the Maintenance of Transmembrane Ionic Distributions.- A. General Characteristics of Active Transport Systems.- B. The Consequences of Including Active Transport of Na+ and K+ in Steady State Electrodiffusion.- C. Active Transport and the Recovery From Excitation.- 9. Admittance Properties of the Electro-Diffusion Equations.- A . Analysis.- B. The Behaviour of the Transformed Membrane Admittance.- C. Quantitative Comparisons with Data.- 10. The Steady State Again: Approximations to Investigate the Role of Membrane Fixed Charge.- A. Volume Charge Considerations.- B. Surface Charge Effects.- III. A Molecular Treatment of Transmembrane Ion Movement.- 11. Mathematical Formulation of the Model.- A. The Concept of the Distribution function.- B. The Relation of Some Macroscopic Quantities to the Distribution function.- C. The Derivation of an Equation of Change for the Distribution function.- D. The Dynamics of a Binary Collision.- E. Evaluation of the Boltzmann Equation Collision Term.- F. Simplification of the Boltzmann Equation.- G. Dependence of the Collision Frequency, V1, on vi.- H. Expressions for Macroscopic Quantities from the Expanded Distribution function.- I. Summary.- 12. Relationship Between the Microscopic and Macroscopic Formulations of Electro-Diffusion Theory.- A . Conservation Equations.- B. Relation to Electrodiffusion.- 13. The Microscopic Model in a Steady State: No Concentration Gradients.- A. Spatial Gradients in a Steady State.- B. Solutions of the Kinetic Equations For a DC Field.- C. Analytic Behaviour of the Current Density as a Function of Electric Field Strength.- D. Computed Behaviour of ? (?) and Gc (?).- E. Estimation of Some Membrane Related Quantities.- 14. The Steady State Microscopic Model with Solution Asymmetry.- A. Solution of the Kinetic Equations.- B. A Generalized Goldman Equation.- C. Computed Properties of the Model.- D. One Way Fluxes and the Independence Principle.- 15. Steady State and Dynamic Properties of the Macroscopic Model.- References.- Appendix 1.- Appendix 2.